Individual Research Paper Essay

Each student will prepare a research paper based on an aspect of their group case. This could include research into the company, the industry, the macro-environmental issues facing the company or industry, etc. The case report should be typed in Times New Roman, 12pt font with 1-inch margins. The paper should not exceed 10 pages double spaced (this does not include the cover page, table of contents, executive summary, appendices, or bibliography). A shorter paper is acceptable as long as the topic is dealt with sufficiently. Please include: 1) A cover page with the title of the paper, your name, student number, and the course number. 2) Include a table of contents 3) Use headings to address the different parts of the paper: a. Introduction: Provide an overview of the topic you have chosen. This should include the title of your case and the specific area you want to examine. b. Main findings: (you can use other headings as necessary depending on your paper.) c. Conclusion: Summarize your main discoveries. 4) Include a Reference page that includes all the sources you used in creating your paper. The paper is worth 15% towards your final grade and will be marked based on the following: 1) Overall presentation (i.e., the cover page, page numbers, headings, clarity of grammar, references page, etc.) 3 marks. 2) Contents (the quality of the research and the discoveries you made about the topic). 10 marks. 3) The quality of the sources you used to conduct the research. 2 marks.

Formal Education Tends to Restrain Our Minds and Spirits Rather Than Set Them Free Essay

The statement that formal education tends to restrain our minds and spirits rather than set them free seems true to a very good extent. It is based on the assumption that too much of formal education tends to create a narrow line of thinking. Formal education dictates the path that a person is supposed to follow to reach his/her destination. It stresses on the need to learn from the mistakes of the unsuccessful people and adopt ways of the successful people. It discourages experimentation and out-of-the box approaches. However, ironically, some of the most successful people, both in the past and the present are those who had little formal education and who did not confirm to its structured and one-dimensional learning approach. Thomas Alva Edison, who has more than a hundred inventions to his credit, had dropped out of school in his early years. He did not certainly have a full fledged formal education but learnt a lot of things on his own through experimentation and by trying out things that might have seemed stupid to his formally educated peers. More modern examples could include the likes of Bill Gates and Steve Jobs, both of who were instrumental in the world switching to the Information Technology era, were both college drop outs. Having said this, it is also important to realize that education is important. Edison, Bill and Steve, all of them did learn a lot of things in their journey to becoming legends on their own. But they did that with little formal education but more of practical and creative learning.

What can cause urbanisation in a developing country Essay

What can cause urbanisation in a developing country - Essay Example According to statistics, it is estimated that more than half i.e. approximately 60% of world’s population will be living in urban areas by the year 2030 (Knox, 2005). It is also estimated that more than 150000 people migrate to towns on daily basis, with less developed countries showing a higher trend than that of developed countries. For an urban area to be categorized as such, there are various indicators which must be present. These are for example the population density, percentage of under dependence on agriculture, public utilities among others but which may vary according to the state or country in question (Martine, 2008). This paper is a critical evaluation of the causes and negative effects of urbanization in developing countries. Urbanization in Developing Countries Urbanization as stated herein is the increased settlement of people in towns mostly after they relocate from rural areas. It is a phenomenon which has continued to attract attention especially since it i s considered a recipe for numerous negativities. There are various reasons why the rate of urbanization has been increasing in developing countries. To begin with, it has been found out that lack of job opportunities in the rural areas is a major contributing factor (Lynch, 2005). Most of the people living in rural areas depend highly on rain fed Agriculture as their lifeline. Apparently, the world has continued to experience harsh climatic conditions due to global warming, which has tampered with rainfall patterns such that areas that used to receive high amounts of rainfall are now suffering from lack of it and when it rains, it creates havoc in terms of flooding. This implies that people can no longer depend on farming alone to sustain their day to day financial requirements (Lynch, 2005). In addition, rural areas in developing countries are experiencing overpopulation as a result of low infant mortality rate coupled with high birth rate, which means that there is a lot of compet ition on the already available land (Bhatia, 2000). For example, a family that owns a land of 10 acres but comprising of 10 heirs means that each heir would inherit 1 acre of land which would then be subdivided among their offspring. In the end, each one of the residents after a generation is left with minimal space to conduct any viable development. As a result of these limitations, most of rural dwellers opt to migrate to towns where they end up acquiring cheap accommodation in substandard environments such as ghettos and shanties. It may also be necessary to observe that industrialization leads to mechanization especially in Agriculture and in this case, it means that the demand of manual laborers becomes low thereby creating the problem of unemployment, which in itself is a recipe for rural urban migration (Bhatia, 2000). Majority of developing countries also are experiencing a rapid growth of new industries, which are creating more demand for labor (Martine, 2008). This is a de velopment which is attracting young men and women to migrate from rural areas especially due to the fact that investors usually situate their premises in urban areas where there are high numbers of people who can provide ready market for the processed goods. The high demand for manufactured goods is due to the fact that urban dwellers do not participate in food production and therefore depend solely on their salaries and wages to budget for their daily needs. On the contrary, rural dwellers depend on their small chunks of land for food not forgetting the fact that the limitation of resources lowers their purchasing power thereby discouraging investors from establishing industries in those areas. It is also important to note that most of the governments in developing nations have failed to decentralize national resources such that rural areas

US Criminal Justice System and Deal with Justice Essay

US Criminal Justice System and Deal with Justice - Essay Example From the theological, and namely Christian point of view, the origin of this problem backs to the beginning of the times, when the first people, Adam and Eve, controlled by the God, did not manage to resist the temptation of the Devil and ate the prohibited fruit. They were deprived of the supreme goods and were exiled from the paradise and went on mortal life on the Earth. This problem is explained by the fact that the thing causing this punishment was not the God’s being angry with them because they violated His prohibition, but the matter of the human choice – they did their choice consciously, and this was their responsibility. No one made them do so, though the devil influenced them, but it is logical that the person decides upon a certain choice on his or her own. Many people, particularly nowadays, consider that the world is unfair and the God does not just things when, for example, a child is born with heavy disease or a human being is killed by another human. à ¢â‚¬Å"The teaching on original sin says that this situation is the result of human choices, not God’s desire.† (Smith, Burr, 2007, 92). It is also necessary to mention that it is not our blame that we are born into the world which has laws, habitual ways of acting and institutions which are not flawless and provide not complete education and development to us, but we are responsible for the change of this state of affairs. This is possible when we realize that the God has granted us with the power to firstly change ourselves, and then – the surrounding world. (Smith, Burr, 2007, 93).

The Impact of Fruit Juices on the Dental Erosion in Human Tooth Enamel Research Paper - 1

The Impact of Fruit Juices on the Dental Erosion in Human Tooth Enamel - Research Paper Example The difference in the degree of teeth erosion between the adult permanent teeth and the baby primary teeth will also be stressed in this project. The effect of orange juice acid on the dental tubules will also be clearly demonstrated in the experimental project. This is because the two teeth have a different structure and chemical make up and hence respond differently to any form of chemical erosion on their part. Project Aim The use of Scanning Electron Microscope images (SEM) was employed to present a clearer view of the macroscopic effects of the erosive effects of the acid, present in orange juice, on the teeth’s surface. The effects of the obliteration of the dentinal tubules are also clearly evidenced in the SEM images. SEM Analysis of Tooth Enamel The images used in the experiment were taken using a Scanning Electron Microscope. The teeth were placed in a horizontal position, and care was taken to ensure that there was zero degree of tilt. After that, the SEM image pict ures were taken at two different magnification levels of 10Â µm and 200Â µm for teeth in both categories of adult and primary. The electron acceleration that was used in the experiment was relatively low at 15.0kV and the working distance ranging from between 4.5mm to 7.0mm for both sets of adult and primary teeth depending on the overall size of the tooth. The Images taken by the microscope were then digitized with the help of SEM Image Slave software in order to obtain the quality images displayed1. The use of both back scattered and secondary electrons was employed to produce images. The SEM images in fig 1.4 show the surface of the adult tooth to be rough and scattered with many surface wide fissures and niches. The SEM image in fig 3.3 of the primary tooth shows the baby tooth to be covered with different size and number of particles, which are suggestive of different types of abrasive changes on the biting surface2. Discussion of the SEM Images Analysis of the Scanning Elect ron Microscope (SEM) Samples From the Scanning Electron Microscope image of the controlled tooth without any effect in fig 2.1, it can clearly be seen that there is an overall erosion of the entire smear layer of the tooth after its immersion in orange juice. The appearance of macroscopic lesions on the surface of the tooth after its immersion in orange juice is a clear indication of the erosive nature of the liquid. The result obtained is not much different from the one shown in the fig 1.1 of controlled tooth 1, which shows a normal human tooth viewed at 200Â µm; the tooth appears to be normal with a few deep lesions on its surface that can be ascribed to characteristic wear and tear due to the tooth’s normal activities while in the oral cavity. The surface appears to be smooth and not suffering from signs of any previous tooth erosion or any other tooth defect3. The figure 1.2 of controlled tooth 2 viewed at 200Â µm shows a normally developed adult permanent tooth. The t ooth appears to be normal with a few deep lesions on its surface. The tooth also seems to have more pronounced chipping as compared to the previous tooth in figure 1.1. No dental caries or any other defect can be detected on the tooth’s surface. The figure 1.3 of controlled tooth 3 that is being viewed at a magnification level of 10Â µm shows a clear lesion on the tooth’

Therapeutic Nurse Patient Relationship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Therapeutic Nurse Patient Relationship - Essay Example According to Wright (2006), the relationship is mutual, founded on trust, respect and professional intimacy. For a therapeutic patient nurse patient relationship to function effectively, the nurse should use his/her professional powers appropriately. Other people responsible for the patient’s wellbeing such as family members or friends also form an important component of the therapeutic nurse patient relationship. Duration of therapeutic nurse patient relationship varies, depending on the health needs of the patient and it expires once the patient recovers. Moreover, it also depends on the possibility of having to take care of the patient once again in future. However, the relationship between the nurse and the patient’s friends or family is not limited to the duration of care and may continue after the client is no longer under the care of the particular nurse. In therapeutic nurse patient relationship, the nurse is not only responsible for establishing the association with the client but also in maintaining it. According to Barry (1996), maintaining the relationship requires professional application of nursing knowledge, skills and behaviors. In healthcare setting, therapeutic nurse client relationship comprises four main elements, namely trust, power, respect and professional intimacy (DeLaune & Ladner, 2002). ... Power is the other defining element of the patient client relationship and NANB (2011) argues that it is tilted in favor of the nurse. The registered nurse possesses more power and authority than the patient due to the higher position he or she holds in the healthcare system and his/her inherent specialized skills in nursing practice. This places the nurse in a more influential position of determining the nature of relationships with the client and other healthcare providers in a healthcare setting. Moreover, the nurse is in a better position of accessing sensitive information relating to the patient under his or her care (CNO, 2004). The manner in which the nurse utilizes these powers determines the nature of relationship with the clients. Therefore, it is important for the nurse to apply these powers appropriately to promote good working relationship with the patient and attainment of expected health outcomes. This ensures that the relative powerlessness of the patient is not taken advantage of and the client’s healthcare needs are met. Trust is another element of a therapeutic nurse patient relationship and it is shown by the confidence and faith that the client has about the nurse ability to cater for his or her health needs. According to Hubert (1998), the patient expects the nurse to apply his or her professional skills appropriately and exhibit compassionate attitude so that the client can develop trust on the nurse ability to take care of him or her. Therefore, the ability of a nurse to win the trust of the client is very important, considering the relative powerlessness of the patient in the nurse patient relationship. In order for the nurse to gain the trust of the

What factors account for the current level of public indebtedness in Essay

What factors account for the current level of public indebtedness in the UK and what economic and fiscal measures can the UK Government use to reduce that level of debt in the next 5 years - Essay Example Even in the countries with no major affected of the financial crisis, the national debt rose approximately 20% in 2007 to 2009. United Kingdom is one of the five countries with systaltic financial crisis. In these countries the national debt is approximately 75%. Like the rest of the world, UK is greatly affected by the financial crisis that led to an increased budget deficit and public debt. The situation was alarming as the public sector total debt was  £1, 231 .7 billion by the end of November 2013, equal to 76.6% of GDP (ONS public sector finances, 2013). During the global financial crisis from mid 1990s, public sector debt fell to 29% of GDP. UK national debt witnessed an increase of 37% of the GDP from 2002 – 2007. Even during the long period of expansion the public debt in the country kept on increasing. The main reason for this was considered to be the countries increased spending on health and education (ONS public sector finances, 2013). Not only that the spending on social security was raised as well (Ecomincs Help, 2013). In UK the other reason behind the sharp increase in public debt are: The rescission 2008-2013 particularly affected the housing industry resulting the falling of house prices, low taxes and unemployment. The country has seen a sharp decline in the income tax receipt and corporation tax. These factors later exposed the structural deficit. Many financial institutions bailed out that included Northern Rock, RBS, Lloyds and other banks. Debt is considered to be a two edged sward. It is its use and application that can minimize its adverse effect. If utilized wisely it can no doubt be a support in the rough times, but if not it can result in a disaster. Still the importance of borrowing cannot be ignored in the present times. The role of borrowing at the public level has gained importance after the great recession and the public borrowing globally has increased

Relate the theme the american dream to death of a salesman and arthur Research Paper

Relate the theme the american dream to death of a salesman and arthur miller's life - Research Paper Example The play â€Å"Death of a Salesman† by Arthur Miller encapsulates within its tight-lipped plot, fall of a myth pertaining to American Dream and its vision that â€Å"success is obtained by being well-liked†. The essay intends to perceive and examine the theme of American Dream and its failure closely woven within the plot of the play that sets challenges to the capitalistic concepts and desires of new America. Arthur Miller was born on October 17th in the year of 1915 and expired on 10th February 2005. He was an eminent playwright and essayist from America. He was a very poignant figure in the American theatre and composed many important socio-political plays like â€Å"All My Sons (1947)†, â€Å"Death of a Salesman (1949)†, â€Å"The Crucible (1953)†, â€Å"A View from the Bridge (1955)† among others. Miller’s â€Å"Death of a Salesman† is acclaimed as the first great American tragedy and while projecting it, Miller gained name for the American to understand the true essence of the nation and its tragedy. As a university graduate, he witnessed the hollow pursuit of the good life entwined with the American Dream in the society of America. The disillusioned socio-economic perspective and dystopia led Miller to compose the play, â€Å"Death of a Salesman† which was only possible for a person like Miller who came up from the mundane and meagre streets of Harlem in New York and was able to witness the unveiled mask of American Dream. The concept of American Dream operates at the national level in United States which includes a promise of freedom, possibility of prosperity and freedom and success. The definition of American Dream contended by James Torso Adams in the year 1931 was envisaged as â€Å"life should be better and richer and fuller for everyone, with opportunity for each according to ability or achievement† irrespective of social class or background. With this glittering vision in life, people of America started reconstructing their nation and society in the post-war period with immense faith on their destiny more than their hard-work or potentials. American Dream got concentrated on being rich overnight and the parameter for the pursuit of happiness got captivated to the scale of owing big house, glamorous cars and all the comfort which consumerism and materialism can bring to their citizens. This led to the death of spirituality and made every citizen hollow where the potentials of every American were being judged with their skilled salesmanship and not with their courage or hard-work. Soon, it became the society of the salesman whose only goal became selling commodities to earn profit and ceasing to be a man; every American is soon seen putting a mask of fraud and the ability to sell the commodities regardless of its intrinsic uselessness. â€Å"Death of a Salesman†: American Dream Realized or Shattered During the fall of the values associated with the A merican Dreams, many writers in their work captivated the concept with its shattering image. Arthur Miller is not an exception in this regard. He envisioned the dark side of the American Dream and in the year 1949, Miller yielded one of his finest plays which captivate the shattering of the American Dream in the post-war period. The tragedy is presented as the democratization of classical form of tragedy

Messaging Apps Accusation Via Wireless Connection P.1 Essay

Messaging Apps Accusation Via Wireless Connection P.1 - Essay Example is report describes a network forensics experiment in which messaging application app behavior is monitored between two devices on the same network; with something that experts call a â€Å"sniffer† placed in the network to capture the traffic. Next, the analysis process will be applied to display information about these interaction that occurred between the two devices and the apps. Criminals spend a great deal of time crafting their approaches and developing new techniques to hide their identities. Cyber attacks can involve a large number of hosts; requiring intelligent forensic analysts to reveal the evidence and to link this evidence together (Wang, 2010). The investigator must work with specialized devices such as routers, firewall, IPS and IDS on the network; as well as dealing with a great deal of data to come up with evidence that is reliable, consistent, not misleading, or tampered with to make the case stronger when presented to the court. Moreover network forensics deal with live systems so it will be a challenge, the live analysis must happen close to the same time as the crime (Baggili & Marrington, 2013). As Internet usage by individuals and companies increases every day, cyber crime is increasing dramatically. As such, researchers have focused on examining and creating new tools and methods to acquire the data from any digital device format (Ponec, Giura, Brà ¶nnimann, & Wein, 2007). Social networking is one of the biggest and fastest growing fields because of the popularity of usage among the people. Social networking allows people to communicate in a fast and enjoyable way. According to a recent survey, the United Arab Emirates ranked first in the world in smart phone usage; with 77% of people using their smart phones for multimedia and 70% for social networks (McNabb, 2013). There are several approaches for network forensics analysis; depending on the type of case the investigator is handling. It can be summarized in two categories: identify

Edgar Allan Poe Essay Example for Free

Edgar Allan Poe Essay A famous author who initiated the start of detective stories and could spook his readers out with his tales of horror was born in January 19,1809. He was a wonderful short story writer and a poet. One of his masterpieces that he is well known for is known as â€Å"The Raven.† I’m sure by now you’ve guessed that I’m speaking of the â€Å"Father of the Detective stories† known as Edgar Allan Poe. Poe’s work reflected his own bitter and mysterious life. In most of his writing there is a blur between what is real and what if fiction because many of his narrators are on some sort of drugs. Edgar was a romantic writer, and his style was gothic. Edgar Allan Poe was a romantic in his writing. He was a part of the American renaissance movement and it is apparent he along with many other American writers rejected the British form of writing. He seemed to embrace that writing should express emotions. It shouldn’t just follow a certain rubric of rules but effuse from the heart. The tell-tale signs of a romantic writer are strong idealism and rejection of classicism. These characteristics are vividly found in his work known as â€Å"Ligeia†. In this story the narrator is an opium addict who marries a woman named Ligeia. He finds her to be very intriguing. He sees her as a beautiful woman with a mysterious personality. Unfortunately, she dies and he ends up marrying a stereotypical woman named Rowena. She is the complete opposite of Ligea in that she is exactly the way all the women of his era are supposed to be like. At the end of the story this woman also dies but then Ligea returns to the author through Rowena’s dead body. The romantic writer uses many examples to illustrate his preference for Romanticism over British literature and Classicism. The preference of the author for his first wife is an example of strong idealism and rejection of classicism. For instance, the writer describes his wife as an extraordinary being†¦almost inhuman: â€Å"She came and departed as a shadow.† Then he goes on to talk about her eyes and mentions that they are much bigger than normal eyes should be. He has a soft spot for her unique features and admires her intelligence. It is because she is different from the norm of women, he finds her attractive. She is a symbol of rebellion to the rules of classicism and her characteristics paint the art of romanticism. He then contrasts her â€Å"Singular yet placid cast of beauty† with the â€Å"fair-haired† and â€Å"blue-eyed† classical beauty of Rowena. It is apparent he prefers his first wife over the latter one because he repeatedly compares the two but compliments the first one. Poe then goes on to demonstrate strong idealism in his work. Idealism was basically a term used to define the optimistic nature of American writers in the good nature of mankind. In this story the fact that the narrator’s first wife comes back to life through the body of his second wife is a symbol of optimism. The author had described his wife as a woman who had wisdom of divine matters. He believed in her wisdom so much that he was sure she had used it to resurrect herself. It is also useful to know that the author was an opium addict. His point of view may have been distorted with hallucinations but the opium usage itself is an example of strong idealism. It is through this usage he is able to find his favorite wife come back to life simply because he willed for her to return to him. Her return could even be literal after she claims that, â€Å"Man doth not yield him to the angels, nor unto death utterly, save only through the weakness of his feeble will† (Lombardi). So maybe she was really there and if she was then this is a fine example of idealism. Considering, idealism is the hope of having a very unlikely event occur because of someone’s optimism. One more example of idealism in Ligeia is no significance of time or space. The American writers wanted to be very distinct from the old literature and wanted to cut off from them. As a result, they made time and space irrelevant to their work as a rebellion to rules. This explains why readers are never told how or when the author met his first wife or at what time she was reincarnated. For example, Poe says â€Å"I cannot, for my soul, remember how, when, or even precisely where, I first became acquainted with the lady Ligeia. (Deter) In addition, the author is so caught up the description of Ligeia he doesn’t remember the beginning of his relationship with her or what the ending to her is. She seems to consume him to the point that time and space don’t matter to him. Does she even have an ending? Considering she comes back to life as if manipulating time is one of her skills. All of these details just add to how much of a romantic writer Edgar Allan Poe really is. Poe used a very gothic style of writing. His work was usually dramatic, suspenseful and melodic. â€Å"The Raven† is a perfect example of these writing techniques. For instance, in â€Å"The Raven† the setting of the story is in his apartment in a lonely December night. The narrator is missing his lover, Lenore, who died. He is trying to distract himself by delving into the realms of his books but is sadly failing in all his attempts. Then a Raven appears at his window and knows of one word, â€Å"Nevermore.† He asks the Raven if he would see his lover again, but it replies â€Å"Nevermore.† The Raven angers the author and he tells it to leave to which the Raven gives the same answer, â€Å"Nevermore†. This poem is very meaningful and pretty much defines the themes and styles that Edgar loved to promote in his work. One thing to be noted when reading this poem aloud is that repeating Nevermore aloud after each stanza is a purposeful tactic. Edgar’s melodic instincts shine through this technique. He does this to emphasize the unity of effect and so that each stanza reflects the meaning of the poem as a whole. In addition, the â€Å"O†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s in â€Å"Lenore† and â€Å"Nevermore† are too emphasized so that the unity of effect occurs once more. Moreover, this woman has left him and she is no more so the two words are parallels to the emotions of the author at the moment. They signify his loneliness. Edgar’s poetry is always well thought-out and he is always on a mission to have relatable but dramatic themes that will suck his readers in. In this poem he combines the theme of beauty with death. The beauty is represented by the memory of his beloved lover but who has met the ugly reality of death. He asks the Raven whether he will meet her in heaven but is hit by the cruel answer â€Å"Nevermore†. This blatantly ugly reality is what makes his poem have an even more gothic and depressing touch.

The Status Of The Arabic Language

The Status Of The Arabic Language Arabic is one of the widespread spoken languages among Arab speakers, especially in the Middle East and North Africa and its considered the central language of Semitic languages such as Hebrew and Aramaic languages (Zeina, 2008). Arabic is spoken by more than 280 million people as a first language and by 250 million as a second language. Regardless of the different varieties, there are three basic Arabics. To put it clearly, there are three types of Arabic: the classical language, the modern standard language and colloquial language (Zeina, 2008, Gonzalo, 2005). The first one is the language of the Holy Quran which is used by all Muslim people who perform their prayers or read the Holy Quran whether they understand what they read or not (Zeina, 2008). As for the Modern Standard Arabic, it was derived from the Classical Arabic and it is widely used in formal situations such as schools, universities, courts, government and the media. Regarding the last one, it is substantially used in daily life situations and activities among people. Arabic language is different from other languages; it has a system of its own (Back Walter Tim, 2004). It consists of 28 letters, 25 of them are consonant letters and the other three are vowels (Hattami, 2010). There is not capital letters and small letters. Moreover, it has a unique and different style because it starts from right to left in both reading and writing. (Zeina, 2008). The relationship between Arabic and other languages such as Hebrew, English, Spanish, Sicilian, and other European languages is a strong related one. It is common that languages borrow some lexical items from one another. Arabic has borrowed many words from English and other languages and other languages have done the same thing as well (wajih, 1991). In other words, Arabic has borrowed words from many languages, including Hebrew, Persian and Syriac in early centuries, Turkish in medieval times and contemporary European languages in modern times. In short, the Arabic language is a common language among Arab speakers and its roots have been taken from the Holy Quran which is considered the source of all literary works and poetry in the Arab world and all linguists refer to it when they search for some explanations of some words and meanings. Moreover, Arabic with its different writing system and varieties, it has a real and close contact to other languages, especially English. In this written assignment, I will be briefly touching on certain points. Firstly, the description of vowels and consonants found in the Arabic and English languages, and the comparison between them. Secondly, some problems that learners of the Arabic language might have in learning English. In spite of the similarities between the consonantal systems of English and Arabic, there are some differences in some aspects. For example, the Arabic language has uvular sounds Ghain / /, Qaaf, //, and Khaa //, the pharyngeal sounds Ain // and Haa // (Harakat, 1998), and emphatic sounds two plosives, / / and / /, and two fricatives, / / and / (Al-Muhtaseb et al., 2000; Ouni et al., 2005; Selouania and Caelen, 1998). These sounds actually give the Arabic language its own distinctive property. Since each language has its own system, as mentioned above, Arabic and English share common consonant sounds and some restricted-language sounds.(Eid, 2006). 1-Arabic consonant sounds The Arabic language has some consonant sounds that are not existed in the English language. In fact, there are 28 consonants in Arabic, eight stops, thirteen fricatives, one affricate, two nasals, two liquids and two glides (Mousa M. Amayreh, 2003). The following table illustrates the place, manner, and voicing of Arabic consonants. Consonant Chart for Arabic 2-English consonant sounds In English phonetics we describe consonants according to three criteria: place of articulation, manner of articulation and voicing. There are 25 consonants in English, six stops, nine fricatives, two affricates, three nasals, two glides, and two liquids. (Eid, 2006). The following table illustrates the place, manner, and voicing of English consonants. Consonant Chart for English 3- Comparison of English and Arabic consonants This part is a comparison between English and Arabic consonants. Some tables and other illustrations are provided below: 3.1 Stops Based on the tables above, one can clearly say that there are eight plosives in Arabic [ b,d,t,k,d,t,q,?] while there are six plosives in English [ ph,b,t,k,d,g]. The English language lacks the equivalents of the Arabic emphatics [dØ ¸, tØ · ], the uvular [qÙ‚] and the glottal stop [?Ù†¡]. On the other hand, the Arabic language also lacks some equivalents of the English plosives [ph, g]. The result of such difference results in some difficulties for students and speakers. As we will see later on, the difficulties that face Arab learners towards pronouncing vowels and consonants. The following table summarizes the difference between Arabic and English plosives with IPA symbols. 3.2 Fricatives The English language has nine fricatives in the labio-denteal interdental, dento-alveolar and glottal areas i.e. most of its fricatives are in the front half of the vocal tract, while the Arabic language has thirteen ranging from the labiodental to the glottal areas. In addition to that, it also has parts of uvular [ xØ ®, Ø ¹] and pharyngeal fricatives [hØ ­, Ø ¹] as well as two emphatic ones (Eid, 2006). The following table summarizes the difference between Arabic and English fricatives with IPA symbols. 3.3 Affricates There are two basic affricates in English a voiceless post-alveolar affricate [th] and a voiced post-alveolar affricate [d3] while Arabic has only one affricate, a voiced post-alveolar one [d3] (Hattami, 2010). However, some Arabic dialects, such as the Iraqi one, have [th] sound and this helps Iraqi learners speak words containing such sound properly. (Andrzej Rouag, 1993, Hattami, 2010). 3.4 Nasals The English language has three nasal sounds [m,n,g] while Arabic has only two [m,n ] (Hattami, 2010). That is, the Arabic language lacks the [g] sound which is considered an allophone of [n] before velar and uvular stops, as in: English and Arabic have the same [m] and this doesnt cause problems. On the other hand, [n] is alveolar in English while it is dental in Arabic. English and Arabic nasal sounds 3.5 Approximants There are three differences between the approximants of Arabic and English. First, English has the nasal sound [g] while it is not found in the Arabic language. Second, [r] in Arabic does not follow the approximants but the un-sustained or R-sound (Odisho, 2003b). Third, the English approximant [r] causes problems for Arab learners. 3.6 Laterals There is only one lateral sound in English [l] while the Arabic language has two: non-emphatic one [l] and emphatic one [L] (Andrzej Rouag, 1993, Hattami, 2010), as in: 3.7 Flab The phonemic system of English language does not have the so-called flap sound. However, the system of the Arabic language may be a source of substitutions for the English / r/s. (Andrzej Rouag, 1993, Hattami, 2010) 4. Consonantal problems Arab learners face in learning English Since each language has a sound system and regardless of the similarities between these languages, there, indeed, must be some differences which cause problems for learners of languages. Thus, once the Arab learners are willing to learn the English language, they may make unconscious mistakes resulting from either the interference of the two languages or unawareness of the sound systems of each language or the inexistence of certain sounds. (Hattami, 2010) A list of such problems is outlined below: /p/ as stated earlier, English has the consonant aspirated sound /p/, and /b/, whereas there is only /b/ /Ø ¨/ in Arabic. In the result, Arab learners may not be able to differentiate between these two sounds and make mistakes when pronouncing them and replace /b/ in replace of /p/. For instance, / picture/ / bicture/. /g/ the standard Arabic does not consider /g/ as a fixed sound in its sound system, but in some Arabic dialects, this sound is considered such as the Egyptian dialect. Mostly, all Arab learners of English face difficulty in differentiating between them, and they substitute the Arabic /k/ for the English /g/. For example, /game/ / kame/. / tà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã‚ «/ this sound is not also existed in the sound system of standard Arabic. However, it can be found in some Arabic dialects such as the Iraqi dialect. The counter-consonant in standard Arabic is /k/. Arab learners of English may have problems in the sound / tà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã‚ «/ and they may tend to simplify this sound to / à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã‚ «/ .Consequently, this results in wrong pronunciation of / tà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã‚ «/. For example, chair- shair. / Æ ·/ In some cases, the simplification of / dÊ’/ to / Æ ·/ is also found. Some Arabic dialects accept this sound such as Syrian and Lebanese ones. Speakers may simplify / / to / / such as / / / / . / Ã…Å  / doesnt exist in Arabic at all, in English, it has a restriction on occurrence: it doesnt occur initially. It only occurs medially and finally. For example, finger and sing. Consequently, an Arab student who learns English is strongly conditioned by the context in which allophone /Ã…Å  / occurs and will tend to insert the conditioning /k g / such as: Singing -Think . Conclusion I have presented a brief comparison between the consonant systems of English and Arabic. I have also listed some problems in pronouncing individual consonants faced by Arabic speakers and learners of English. According to (Hattami, 2010), the remedial solution can be placed on teachers. Teachers have to be fully aware of the two sound systems and then prepare remedial drills and train students to avoid such problems in learning and speaking. Arabic consonants. Adopted from (Hattami, 2010) English consonants. Adopted from (Hattami, 2010) 2- Arabic and English Vowels Like consonants, English and Arabic have different systems of vowels. They share three common vowels / / while English is characterized by four own vowels / / and only one vowel is restricted to Arabic/ /. Moreover, a laconic overview of the vowel systems of each language will be outlined below and then a comparison will also be provided. 2.1 Arabic vowels The Arabic vowel system has six vowel sounds, three short vowels and three long ones. (Eid, 2006). These are outlined below: 2.1.1 Short vowels: Fatha: the first short vowel in Arabic. Fatha is a diagonal stroke written above the consonant which precedes it in pronunciation. Its pronounced like A in English. For example, the Arabic consonant  ºÃ‚ = b in English, if we put the Fatha ÙÅ ½ above the consonant  ºÃ‚ , it will produce the sound  ºÃ‚  = ba in English. Another example is /Bat/. Damma: the second short vowel in Arabic. Damma is an apostrophe-like shape written above the consonant which precedes it in pronunciation its pronounced like o or u in English. For example, if you put Damma Ù  above the consonant  ºÃ‚ , it will produce the sound  ºÃ‚  and pronounce like /bo/ in the word / but /. Kasra: The third short vowel in Arabic is Kasra. Kasra is a diagonal stroke written below the consonant which precedes it in pronunciation, its the only short vowel that comes under the consonants, if we put Ù  under the sound  ºÃ‚  it will be pronounced like /be/ in English. Another example is / bit /. 2.1.2 Long vowels: Long vowels in Arabic are Alif /  ºÃ‚  / which is pronounced like /aa/ in English , Waw /  »Ã‚ ® / which is pronounced like /uu/ in English , and /  »Ã‚ ±/ which is pronounced like /ii/ in English. Alif / Ø / comes in three various situations front, central, and back. For example, in the word Ø ¨ÃƒËœÃƒËœÃ‚ ¨ which means door in English, the /aa/ is front vowel. A central vowel like bar, and back vowel like low. Another example is the English word / father / and / bat /. -Waw: / Ùˆ / the second long vowel in Arabic, its pronounced like /uu/ in English. For example Ø ªÃƒâ„¢Ã‹â€ ÃƒËœÃ‚ ª which means blueberry and is pronounced as /toot/ in English. Another example is the word / moon/. -Ya: / ii / the third long vowel in Arabic, we can pronounce it like /ii/ in English. For example Ø ¹ÃƒËœÃ‚ ±ÃƒËœÃ‚ ¨Ãƒâ„¢Ã…   which relates to s/body Arabic, and pronounce /arabii/ in English. Another example is the word / sheep/. As for diphthongs and tripthongs, linguists are reluctant to accept the existence of these sounds in Arabic. (Odisho, p, 49). Arabic Name Arabic Romanization Vowel fatha(t) opening (of lips) Ù Ãƒâ„¢Ã… ½ÃƒËœÃ‚ ªÃƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ÃƒËœÃ‚ ­Ãƒâ„¢Ã… ½ÃƒËœÃ‚ ©Ãƒâ„¢Ã…’ a Short A a As in accept, ascend alif mamdooda(t) extended alif Ø £Ãƒâ„¢Ã… ½Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒâ„¢Ã‚ Ãƒâ„¢Ã‚ Ãƒâ„¢Ã…’ Ù†¦Ãƒâ„¢Ã… ½Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ÃƒËœÃ‚ ¯Ãƒâ„¢Ã‹â€ ÃƒËœÃ‚ ¯Ãƒâ„¢Ã… ½ÃƒËœÃ‚ ©Ãƒâ„¢Ã…’ aa Long A Ä  As in man, can kasra(t) breaking (of sound) ÙƒÙÅ ½ÃƒËœÃ‚ ³Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ÃƒËœÃ‚ ±Ãƒâ„¢Ã… ½ÃƒËœÃ‚ ©Ãƒâ„¢Ã…’ i Short I i As in sit, hit yaa extended yaa ÙÅ  ÃƒËœÃƒËœÃ‚ ¡Ãƒâ„¢Ã…’ Ù†¦Ãƒâ„¢Ã… ½Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ÃƒËœÃ‚ ¯Ãƒâ„¢Ã‹â€ ÃƒËœÃ‚ ¯Ãƒâ„¢Ã… ½ÃƒËœÃ‚ ©Ãƒâ„¢Ã…’ ee Long I Ä « As in feel, deal damma(t) joining (of lips) Ø ¶Ãƒâ„¢Ã… ½Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃƒâ„¢Ã… ½ÃƒËœÃ‚ ©Ãƒâ„¢Ã…’ u Short U u As in put, foot waaw mamdooda(t) extended waaw ÙˆØÙˆÙŒ Ù†¦Ãƒâ„¢Ã… ½Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ÃƒËœÃ‚ ¯Ãƒâ„¢Ã‹â€ ÃƒËœÃ‚ ¯Ãƒâ„¢Ã… ½ÃƒËœÃ‚ ©Ãƒâ„¢Ã…’ oo Long U Ã…Â « As in sure, roof sukoon stillness Ø ³Ãƒâ„¢Ã‚ Ãƒâ„¢Ã†â€™Ãƒâ„¢Ã‹â€ Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒâ„¢Ã…’ No following vowel As in stay, drag Short and long Arabic vowels in Arabic: 2.2 English vowels The English language is rich in vowels, both simple and diphthongs. Simple vowels are divided into short and long. As it is shown in tables below, we have six short vowels and five long vowels while there are eight diphthongs.(Eid, 2006). They are produced when airstream is voiced through the vibration of the vocal cords. Vowel consonants can be classified as: vowel tongue height (close, mid, open) by raising or lowering the tongue; vowel tongue position(front, center, back) by advancing the body of the tongue; and lip rounding(spread, natural, and rounded). Monophthongs Short Long Front Back Front Central Close http://www.englishlanguageguide.com/english/images/ipa/ipa_i.jpg http://www.englishlanguageguide.com/english/images/ipa/ipa_u.jpg http://www.englishlanguageguide.com/english/images/ipa/ipa_ii.jpg Mid http://www.englishlanguageguide.com/english/images/ipa/ipa_e.jpg http://www.englishlanguageguide.com/english/images/ipa/ipa_a.jpg http://www.englishlanguageguide.com/english/images/ipa/ipa_ee.jpg Open http://www.englishlanguageguide.com/english/images/ipa/ipa_ae.jpg http://www.englishlanguageguide.com/english/images/ipa/ipa_o.jpg http://www.englishlanguageguide.com/english/images/ipa/ipa_aa.jpg Lips loosely spread. Tongue lax with less tension than / i: / Bid)) http://www.englishlanguageguide.com/english/images/ipa/ipa_i.jpg Lips loosely spread and slightly wider apart than / É ª / (bed) http://www.englishlanguageguide.com/english/images/ipa/ipa_e.jpg Lips neutrally open and slightly wider apart than / e / Bat)) http://www.englishlanguageguide.com/english/images/ipa/ipa_ae.jpg Lips loose, but closely rounded. Tongue not as tense as in / u: / (good) http://www.englishlanguageguide.com/english/images/ipa/ipa_u.jpg Lips neutrally open. Open jaws. Centralized quality.(cut) http://www.englishlanguageguide.com/english/images/ipa/ipa_a.jpg Open lip-rounding, wide open jaws, back of tongue low.(pot) http://www.englishlanguageguide.com/english/images/ipa/ipa_o.jpg Lips spread. Tongue tense (front raised) with sides touching upper molars. (bead) http://www.englishlanguageguide.com/english/images/ipa/ipa_ii.jpg Lips neutrally spread. Tongue slightly higher than /Éâ„ ¢/ (no firm contact with upper molars). (girl) http://www.englishlanguageguide.com/english/images/ipa/ipa_ee.jpg Lips neutrally open and jaws far apart. Centre to back of tongue fully open. (car) http://www.englishlanguageguide.com/english/images/ipa/ipa_aa.jpg Lips closely rounded. Back of tongue high. Tense compared with /ÊÅ  /. (booed) http://www.englishlanguageguide.com/english/images/ipa/ipa_uu.jpg Medium lip rounding. Tongue drawn back making no contact with upper molars.(bought) http://www.englishlanguageguide.com/english/images/ipa/ipa_oo.jpg Lips in neutral position. Centralized. Tongue slightly higher than in /ÊŒ/. (teacher) http://www.btinternet.com/~ted.power/ph07.gif Diphthongs Closing Centering to /http://www.englishlanguageguide.com/english/images/ipa/ipa_i_bg.jpg/ to /http://www.englishlanguageguide.com/english/images/ipa/ipa_u_bg.jpg/ Starting close http://www.englishlanguageguide.com/english/images/ipa/ipa_ie.jpg http://www.englishlanguageguide.com/english/images/ipa/ipa_ue.jpg Starting mid http://www.englishlanguageguide.com/english/images/ipa/ipa_ei.jpg http://www.englishlanguageguide.com/english/images/ipa/ipa_oi.jpg http://www.englishlanguageguide.com/english/images/ipa/ipa_eu.jpg http://www.englishlanguageguide.com/english/images/ipa/ipa_ee3.jpg Starting open http://www.englishlanguageguide.com/english/images/ipa/ipa_ai.jpg http://www.englishlanguageguide.com/english/images/ipa/ipa_au.jpg http://www.englishlanguageguide.com/english/images/ipa/ipa_ei.jpg Bay, say http://www.englishlanguageguide.com/english/images/ipa/ipa_oi.jpg Boy, foil http://www.englishlanguageguide.com/english/images/ipa/ipa_ai.jpg Reply, high http://www.englishlanguageguide.com/english/images/ipa/ipa_eu.jpg Toe, show http://www.englishlanguageguide.com/english/images/ipa/ipa_au.jpg Cow, how http://www.englishlanguageguide.com/english/images/ipa/ipa_ie.jpg Beer, http://www.englishlanguageguide.com/english/images/ipa/ipa_ue.jpg boor http://www.englishlanguageguide.com/english/images/ipa/ipa_ee3.jpg Bear, 3- Comparison of English and Arabic vowels 3.1- Front vowels In the English sound system there are five phonemes. On the other hand, Arabic has four phonemes. English Arabic two in the high area / I / higher high and /i/. lower high two in the high area one in the mid area /e/. two in the low area / / high long, / /. High short two in the low area 3.2- Back vowels English has five phonemes while Arabic has only two. English Arabic two in the low area / / low, low, back / / higher low back Two back phonemes One in the mid area / / mid back Two in the high area / / lower high back / /higher high back. 3.3- Central vowels English has two central vowels while Arabic has no central vowels. English One mid-central / / Non-mid central / / 4- Problems Arab learners encounter in vowels: /http://www.englishlanguageguide.com/english/images/ipa/ipa_a.jpg/, most Arab learners pronounce the /http://www.englishlanguageguide.com/english/images/ipa/ipa_a.jpg/ sound, which produces when the tongue is more central and the lips are relaxed, as /http://www.englishlanguageguide.com/english/images/ipa/ipa_ae.jpg/ instead of /http://www.englishlanguageguide.com/english/images/ipa/ipa_a.jpg/. For example, the word cup as /khttp://www.englishlanguageguide.com/english/images/ipa/ipa_ae.jpgp/ instead of /khttp://www.englishlanguageguide.com/english/images/ipa/ipa_a.jpgp/. /http://www.englishlanguageguide.com/english/images/ipa/ipa_e.jpg/, Arab speakers tend to lengthen the short vowel /http://www.englishlanguageguide.com/english/images/ipa/ipa_e.jpg/, as in the words pet and men. /http://www.englishlanguageguide.com/english/images/ipa/ipa_i.jpg/, which is produced when the tongue is more front and little high. For example, the word sit which pronounce as /set/ instead of /shttp://www.englishlanguageguide.com/english/images/ipa/ipa_i.jpgt/. /http://www.englishlanguageguide.com/english/images/ipa/ipa_au.jpg/ which supposed to pronounce by using the tongue central, then tightly round the lips. For example, the word note /nhttp://www.englishlanguageguide.com/english/images/ipa/ipa_o.jpgt/ instead of the correct pronounce /nhttp://www.englishlanguageguide.com/english/images/ipa/ipa_au.jpgt/. /http://www.englishlanguageguide.com/english/images/ipa/ipa_ei.jpg/, which produces when the tongue moves from front center to front high. For example, the word late, Arabic speakers pronounce it like /let/ instead of /lhttp://www.englishlanguageguide.com/english/images/ipa/ipa_ei.jpgt/. /http://www.englishlanguageguide.com/english/images/ipa/ipa_ie.jpg/, tongue high and front then move to center. For example, the word beer as /beÉâ„ ¢(r)/ instead of /bhttp://www.englishlanguageguide.com/english/images/ipa/ipa_ie.jpg(r)/. /http://www.englishlanguageguide.com/english/images/ipa/ipa_oo.jpg/, which produced by moving the tongue low, back and fixed. Jaws together. For example, the word bought /bhttp://www.englishlanguageguide.com/english/images/ipa/ipa_eu.jpgt/ instead of the correct pronounce /bhttp://www.englishlanguageguide.com/english/images/ipa/ipa_oo.jpgt/. Conclusion In this short part, a distinction between English and Arabic vowels sounds is given. The distinction showed some similarities and differences between the two systems. Some tables and figures have been given to illustrate the difference vividly.

Psalm Essay -- Bible, God

Today’s culture is one where people like to do as little work as possible. Even when it comes to reading our own scripture, The Holy Words of God, a lot of people like to look up one verse and reference it to something without knowing what the rest of the passage says. Psalms 109 is no exception, it is one the more widely misused passages as of late. A popular verse from Psalms 109 is verse 8 which reads â€Å"Let his days be few; and let another take his office†, this is seen in reference to our current president, but what people fail to realize is what else David is actually praying. This paper is going to go through Psalms 109 and unpack it verse by verse to show the true meaning of what David was praying and to give us a new look at how to pray. Psalm 109 begins with a superscription that we have seen several times before, â€Å"A Psalm of David† (Bible 873). David is believed to be the author of this Psalm. Psalms 109 though is not a usual Psalm by David; this particular Psalm is classified as an Imprecatory Psalm or a Cursing Psalm. The idea of Imprecatory Psalms is very unsettling for people and the church. This though goes with a misunderstanding of what is involved in actually making an imprecatory prayer. In the introductory section, consisting of verses 1-5, David makes two claims: â€Å"(1) his innocence and (2) the sins of his enemies† (Spurgeon 28). When you read a Psalm by David, God is usually the subject of Praise and thanksgiving, but that is not the case here, God is instead the one who is being petitioned to do something. The plea that David makes for God to not remain silent in verse 1b is a cry for help. The basis for David’s petition is then given in verses 2-5: 2: For the mouth of the wicked and the mouth o... ...scue of David will result in praise by David. In verses 30 and 31 we see David’s vow of praise. David says that he will praise God for His deliverance in the midst of the all of his trials and enemies (Bible v. 30, 874). The basis for this praise is David’s experience of seeing God stand at his right hand to defend him. David knows that the accusers will finally be silenced when God reveals Himself as his helper and defender. In conclusion, in order to have a proper and healthy relationship with God, one will need to occasionally pray an imprecatory pray. To pray a prayer of imprecation is not wrong, you just need to be sure that your heart is right with God. Finally one must be sure to always leave it in God’s hands and to never take revenge yourself. God wants us to take everything to him good and bad, we are his children and he will take care of us.

Essays --

The biological approach is a method that looks at our genetics to figure out a reason as to why one behaves in a particular way and why individuals develop abnormal behaviors. The biological theorists who study behavioral genetics study in what manner genetic influences effect behavior. Biological factors such as chromosomes have a substantial effect on humans and their behaviors. Most of what psychologists know about biological influences on personality is derived from twin studies. Twin studies examine and compare monozygotic (identical) and dizygotic (fraternal) twins. This is done because identical twins share the same DNA and are therefore predicted to share the same levels of specific traits. They are studied in cases where the twins are both reared together and separately to understand individual differences and similarities in personalities in these twins; in most cases even when the identical twins are reared apart they often are similar in regards to their career choices an d personality characteristics. While fraternal twins share about fifty percent of the same DNA which is about the same amount as non-twin siblings. The outcome of fraternal twins is similar to the outcome of individuals not born as twins, meaning the pair of DZ twins will have different personality traits (Holzinger, 1929). This demonstrates that although MZ twins are reared apart they still share the same personality traits because they are heritable. The biological aspect of traits is explained through genetics. Biology is the influence for most of the complex and intricate phenomena that occur within a human being, the same can be applied to the personality of an individual. The Big Five is a list of the five core personality traits that all indivi... ...onality model (Costa and McCrae, 1988). Without an appropriate caregiver to provide nurture a person can be high on neuroticism, and low on extroversion, openness to experience, agreeableness, and conscientiousness; meaning the person will be immensely psychologically unstable. Without stability and emotional support as a child, as an adult, an individual do not learn how to cope with the pressures of life (Bleidorn et al., 2010). This is apparent when individuals are extremely anxious, and self-conscious, introverted and displaying negative emotions about everything, not open to new experiences or people, has issues trusting others, and has little to no self-discipline (Rothbart, Ahadi, and Evans, 2000). A child that has been nurtured has been brought up in a positive and loving environment will have great psychological health and will be a stable/functional adult.

Relationships in The Storm, The Yellow Wallpaper and Young Goodman Brow

  Because writing is inherently romantic in nature, throughout the history of literature, we see many authors' insights into the enigmatic and often ambiguous subject of love and relationships. Three short stories penned by three separate American writers deal with such matter: Charlotte Perkins Gillman in "The Yellow Wallpaper", Kate Chopin in "The Storm", and Nathaniel Hawthorne in "Young Goodman Brown." Though the relationships presented in each of these stories are unique in their own persuasion, the same underlying theme runs true in all. At first glance all of these relationships may appear healthy in their existence; however, further introspection uncovers specific maladies which I believe elicit much of the discord which arises within each of these writings. All of the husbands in the aforementioned short stories evoke, though some more subtly than others, varying degrees of conflict. Gillman's "The Yellow Wallpaper" is a story pertaining to, and narrated by, a women suffering from depression after the recent birth of a child. Although the name of the women in the story is never revealed, many believe this is short story is an excerpt from the author's life. Much of the setting of the story takes place in an aging mansion recently inhabited by the narrator and John, the narrator's husband. Due to her affliction and under strict instruction of her husband John, who is also a physician, the narrator is sentenced to bed rest in one of the upper rooms of the house. The walls of the room in which the narrator is forced to occupy, are enveloped with decrepit yellow wallpaper displaying an irksome pattern which, coupled with the ennui of doing nothing, works in a maleficent manner on the mental sanctity of the narrator. The ... ...horne suggests in his writing that Brown fell victim to the latter. "Often, awakening suddenly at midnight,", Hawthorne says of Goodman Brown, "he shrank from the bosom of Faith; and at morning or eventide, when the family knelt down at prayer, he scowled and muttered to himself, and gazed sternly at his wife, and turned a Many, I am sure, could interpret or acquisition other sources of conflict for each of the three given stories, as could I. However, I have shown that the ultimate inception of discord must be attributed to the husbands in these stories. Though with varying degrees of distinctness, John's inability to truly understand his wife's needs in "The Yellow Wallpaper", Bobinot's apathy towards Calixta in "The Storm", and Brown's want of faith in "Young Goodman Brown", each act as the kindling used to incite the flame of conflict within these writings.   

Abuse Assignment Essay

Ai Physical abuse Physical abuse is when someone physically hurts you, although it doesn’t have to leave marks or bruises to mean it is physical abuse. Example of this abuse are smacking, kicking, pinching, punching and many more. There can be a multiple reasons why someone would physically harm a person an example would be if someone was using drugs or drinking alcohol; these substances could cloud someone’s judgement making them think an action is right. Physical abuse normally starts slowly with a small slap but over time it can escalate further sometimes causing death. There are many different signs and symptoms of physical abuse some signs you can see such as bruises, burns, broken bones, scratches and weight loss. Weight loss might be if the abuser isn’t allowing them food or their medication this can cause serious side effects. It can also cause depression and fear; this could mean a person is too scared to leave the house which means they will also be socially deprived and excluded from society. Sexual abuse Sexual abuse is when someone forces you to carry out a sexual act or have one preformed on yourself. Some examples of sexual abuse are unwanted kissing or touching, rape and being rough or forceful. The abuser will control when and where the abuse will be carried out therefore the victim can be feel scared because they don’t know when it’s going to happen again. Sexual abuse can happen to anyone even in married couple or people who have had sex before. Just because someone doesn’t say no or resist this still counts as abuse. Sexual abuse can have many different signs and symptoms some visible and some not. Visible would be signs such as bruising or hand marks on the body. Others signs are not so easy to spot for example they might have depression, lack of sleep because of fear they will come back, pregnancy and many more. It can also affect them later in life especially when the abuse has stopped, they won’t feel they can trust people or partners which wil l affect them socially. Emotional/psychological abuse Emotional abuse is when someone manipulates your emotions; it can be done through many different ways such as humiliating a person or scaring them to think they have control over them. If someone is very intimidating towards you threatening you with physical abuse this is normally empty threats but the victim will be in fear of what could happen. Emotional abuse can be difficult to identify as it is not physical which leaves marks. There are three different patterns of emotional abuse such as aggressive, denying and minimising. Signs and symptoms of emotional abuse are hard to identify as there aren’t any physical marks. It normally knocks someone’s confidences leaving them feeling worthless. They will find it hard to trust others and will struggle with finding partners. Other signs and symptoms of emotional abuse is depression, anxiety, isolation from society, fearful behaviour, low confidence and addictions to substances. Financial abuse Financial abuse is when someone controls or manipulates you to share your money. An example would be them having control over your bank account or having it in their name; this gives them full access to your money leaving you to feel helpless. Another example would be to take all cards or statement from leaving you with nothing, they control all your spending giving you an allowance. The person carrying out the abuse normally gains control by acting like they are offering help normally it will get out of control or they can do it through fear and intimidation. Signs and symptoms of financial abuse are not having enough money for food, unpaid bills, being overdrawn on bank accounts or personal items have gone missing. This can lead to the victim feeling like they have no control, they will feel scared of the outcome. Institutional abuse Institutional abuse is when someone has been mistreated and provided with inadequate care or support. The victim’s feelings or needs will be over looked, leaving someone to feel powerless. It can also be caused by the service having problems such as untrained staff, unsupervised staff, poor management and poor communication skills. Signs and symptoms of institutional abuse is denying someone their rights or food, drink, clothes or adequate living environments. Another major sign would be fears of punishment such as threatening to take personal possessions. Not allowing  the victim to see family, friends, doctors or their care manager. This can have serious side effects especially if the person is ill and was denied to see a doctor. Self-neglect Self-neglect happens when a person fails to take care of themselves on a day to day basis. They will not carry out basic requirements such as having regular food/drink intakes, keeping up personal hygiene, taking medication and many more. This can cause physical, mental or emotional damage. Reasons why someone might self-neglect are they might be depressed, poor health, mental health problems, cognitive problems and physically unable to care for themselves. Signs and symptoms of self-neglect malnourished, poor hygiene, dehydration, dirty clothing and poor health. This can normally be improved by seeing a doctor or having extra help at home. Neglect by other Neglect by others can happen when a service provider does not supply the day to day living need a person relies on. An example of this would be food, water, living accommodation, medication, access to a doctor if necessary or not allowing someone to wash. The care giver may refuse to carry out necessary personal tasks which they are there to do as the victim can’t do it themselves. The signs and symptoms are similar to self-neglect except it would be a care giver neglecting them. The victim may be dirty, dehydrated, malnourished, poor health and mentally effected. Aiii If you suspect an individual is being neglected report it to your manager. Write a detailed account of what you know or seen. Make sure its kept private between you and your manager. They will report it to the appropriate authorities. However if it has not happened within a workplace you can report it to the police if you think they are in immediate danger which they will carry out a full investigation. If they aren’t in danger you can report it to the local safeguarding council. Aiv If someone tells you they are being abused it is important to keep calm and listen. Never doubt that they are being untruthful, make them feel they to talk to you so they don’t feel embarrassed or that you’re judging the situation. Make a detailed account of when and where it happened included  dates if they know. The individual needs to feel reassured that everything will be fine however they need to understand the information disclosed will be passed onto a manager or appropriate authorities. If they need medical attention it should be reported to either emergency services, their local doctor or your manager. If the law has been broken call 999 and report it to the police; they will do a full investigation. Av All evidence must be kept safe by storing it in a secure place. It should be locked away so only the necessary people can get hold of it or read it. Anything that could have been used as evidence such as clothing or objects should be left for appropriate authorities to look at. It should not be discussed in public or with people outside of work, it needs to be kept confidential. Task B Orchid View The Orchid view care home in Copthorne, West Sussex was labelled ‘Britain’s worst care home’. Last October there was an investigation carried out which found 19 residents had died due to poor care. Five more residents has died of natural causes after neglect. The residents in orchid view were a victim of institutional abuse. On multiple occasions care staff failed to provide adequate care. It was reported that in one single night 28 drug errors occurred. Care staff at the care home made medication errors which could have been avoided by more medication training. Jean Halfpenny died in 2010, she was given three times the prescribed dose of her blood thinning medication Warfarin over 17 days. A boots pharmacist went to the care home to give advice, she reported concerns to CQC over the storage and mismanagement of the medication. It was also said the residents of orchid view care home were malnourished and were dehydrated. The home was very understaffed leaving residents to press their bells with no response on many occasions some service users couldn’t even reach their bells, this caused poor hygiene which lead to further health problems. Other concerns raised were poor pain managed and abusive behaviour towards the residents. The care was later shut down and is under new management. A full investigation was  carried out many care workers were arrested however were not charged due to no evidence. Task C Ci A social care worker should report any signs of unsafe practice to their manager. A detail account should be kept of the actual unsafe practice, time of day it happened, where it happened. This can be done through the whistle blowing policy which allows information to be shared. Your manager should immediately report this information to higher authority so a full investigation can be carried out and a resolution can be put in place. Any unlawful practice will be examined by the police which will lead to discipline. Cii If unsafe practice is reported and nothing is done to investigate or solve the problem, keep a copy the report which was sent to your manager this will act as evidence you’re ever needed to prove it was reported. Keep reporting it to your manager until something is done make sure an up to date record it kept to show the time you have tried to flag unsafe practice. You can also take it into your own hands to tell the person using the unsafe practice what they are doing wrong this may solve the problem. If nothing is still done after reporting multiple times contact CQC informing them of what’s happened, they will carry out an investigation. Ciii If the individual is physically disabled they are more as risk of being abused by others. They may not be able to defend for themselves for example if someone was physically abusing them they might be unable to move therefore they can’t flight back or shield themselves. Also if they are unable to speak they might not be able to report who is abusing them or what’s happening. Age can be a major factor for someone to be abused. All ages can be abused but especially the elderly, they are more vulnerable. Older people suffer from financial abuse because they are unable to control it themselves, therefore they have to ask others for help. This allows people to assess their bank accounts or saving accounts. People will take advantage and steal from them. People with sensory impairments are also makes individuals that are more vulnerable to abuse because they are less  aware of what’s happening around them. If they have difficulty with sight or hearing they will not be aware of abuse such as if they were partially death they might be unable to her verbal abuse or if they are blind they might be able of financial abuse e.g. stealing from them. Civ By adopting a person centred approach you will empower an individual to take control; might their own decisions. This will give them more confidence and independence. This will have a massive impact on a person life if they feel they have control instead of needing help off others. If they have more confidence in themselves they will be less vulnerable, people will start to respect them for having their own opinions and having a voice and not a target to abuse them. Cv It’s important to encourage active participation because it gives them more freedom to make their decisions even if advice if given from health care professionals. It improves confidence and self-esteem to the point where they will not suffer from abuse if they were to be a victim. They won’t be targeted for abuse because they have more of a voice people will see they don’t need to rely on others. It will also improve social development as they will be able to make new friends and go out with people in social situations, this will make them less vulnerable because they will be more outgoing and less shy and reserved. Cvi Having an effective and easy to use complaints procedure can reduce the likelihood of abuse because if anyone can use it more people are going to report abuse therefore its less likely to go unreported. If the people carrying out the abuse know the complaints procedure is easy and people can use it they are less likely to abuse the individuals in the first place. Also if it’s easy to use it means complaints are going to resolves quickly meaning the abuse wouldn’t of happen for long or disciplinary action will take place ensuring it won’t happen again. This also ensures the individuals are safeguarded appropriately against abuse.

Choicepoint and Sony, an Ethical Analysis Essay

Ethics refers to what comes off as right or wrong to an individual’s conscience .The internet age has brought about new ethical issues, not only for an individual but for the society as well as it has eased anonymous manipulation and distribution of information, creating new and easier paths for committing crimes like piracy, identity theft, infringement of an individual’s privacy etc. In this paper we will be analyzing the Choice-point case and the ‘Sony data breach ‘case from an ethical point of view. (Laudon &Laudon, 2010, p.128) Background: The ChoicePoint Data breach: On September 27 of 2004, ChoicePoint,a company that aggregates and stores personal information, suspected that some of its small business customers were involved in suspicious activities and informed the police. (Paine, Phillips, 2008)On February of 2005, ChoicePoint only notified those residents of California whose data had been leaked to the illegal customers, since a certain law in California requires it. A protest from the public, however, forced the company to notify the details of the breach to the other involved parties residing in the other states. The swindlers who scammed ChoicePoint had created over 50 accounts with previously stolen identities over the course of a year or even longer. (Pantesco, 2006) Look more:  the issues concerning identity theft essay Changes in business practices (Otto, Anton & Baumer, 2007): ChoicePoint made numerous changes after the 2004-2005 data breach. The company closed the 50 fake accounts and made a policy to refuse any faxed business licenses in the future .The Company formed a new policy, that all nongovernmental organizations need to be re-credentialed in order to do business with it, and increased its procedures in verifying the identity of the company. More stringent and better business policies in ensuring the safety of their customer’s data, for e.g. partial masking of social security numbers were employed. The company continued its investigations of its databases for further indications of foul play and brought in outsiders to assess and rectify their practices. The Sony Data Breach: The Sony data breach was a result of an intrusion from an outsider party, causing an outage in the PlayStation Network and Qriocity’s services between 17th April 2011 and 19th April, 2011.A confirmation from Sony revealed that pieces of personal information had been stolen from each and every 77 million accounts. This breach resulted in Sony shutting off the PlayStation Network for 23 days. (Hirai, 2011) Sony stated that the chairman of the company had submitted explanations wanted by United States House subcommittee regarding the attack and that they were taking some measures to prevent further breaches. When questioned about the delay in making the breach public, Sony explained that they’d sought help from outside officials to conduct an investigation in order to comprehend the nature and magnitude of the incident; and hence forensic analysis and investigation had caused the delay since they wanted to have all the necessary details before making the breach public. On May 14, 2011, Sony released a security patch called PlayStation 3 firmware version 3.61 requiring users to change their password upon signing into their account in the PlayStation Network. (Seybold, 2011) Compensation: In compensation for this outage, Sony announced hosting of special events for their users. Sony wanted to appreciate the loyalty of the customers who stuck to using Play Station network and didn’t look for other alternatives. Hence Sony announced an extension of free 30 days of its various services for its existing users. Also, few of their games in the PlayStation network were made free, though these games are available only in some regions or countries. In addition to that Sony also offered one year’s worth of â€Å"free identity theft protection’ to all of its customers. (Wesley, 2011) Ethical Analysis According to Culnan and Williams (2009, p.679),the two aspects of morality that are principal to the relationship between information aggregators and information providers are vulnerability and avoiding harm. Aspect of Vulnerability Analysis: Since the customer gives away his data in exchange for something in return, he loses control on how that information would be used in the future.(Culnan& Williams, 2009, p. 681) The firm that is aggregating the data has the duty to exercise caution in protecting the consumer’s vulnerability, not only for the sake of the customer but also to build its own reputation. However, in the cases of both ChoicePoint and Sony breach, the consumers were vulnerable. Individuals whose data ChoicePoint and Sony stored lacked knowledge about the risks posed by – Choice Point’s credentialing procedures or the way personal information was stored by Sony. Aspect of â€Å"Do No Harm† Analysis: Most ethicists are of the opinion that data aggregators have the minimum duty of doing no harm whenever there is an issue concerning information privacy rights (DeGeorge 2006; Goodpaster 1987; Marcoux 2003; Valesquez 2003 as cited in Culnan& Williams, 2009), even more so when their treatment of the consumer’s sensitive personal information makes the consumers unnecessarily vulnerable. (Culnan& Williams, 2009, p. 682) In both the cases of ChoicePoint and Sony Data breach however, the ‘DO NO Harm’ principle was violated and moral responsibility was clearly absent in the behavior of the officials of these firms. (Culnan& Williams, 2009, p. 682)ChoicePoint’s questionable intentions in delaying the notification of the breach to the public and the fact that ChoicePoint only bothered to search records that were leaked within 15 months to the date of the search ,until pressurized, were criticized heavily.( Evers, 2005)Further investigations revealed that ChoicePoint had been subjected to a similar scam in 2002.( Paine, Phillips, 2008) The fact that ChoicePoint could be duped so easily within two years proved that ChoicePoint hadn’t done anything to improve its practices since the last breach. Similarly, Sony also had a delay in notifying the users of PlayStation network about the breach. The public disputed Sony’s reason for its delay by speculating that, if Sony judged the situation to be so grave that it felt the need to shut down its PlayStation network, then they should have warned the public without any delay as well. Moreover, Sony failed to give any concrete reports regarding the breach and merely stated that they cannot rule out the possibility of a ‘username or password ‘leak. One more thing to be noted is that the fiends could have possibly gotten information like email addresses and first names of the customers who had consented to receiving information about new deals or products from Sony or its partners.Now, there is a pretty good chance that the fiends might send emails in the format of a Sony webpage template and extract valuable information from those customers. Hence this breach indirectly paved the way for more unintentional breaches in the future. (Eddy, 2011) According to, (Laudon &Laudon, 2010,p.135),the basic Concepts of ethics are as follows: Responsibility: where the individual or the organization should accept the duties, costs and obligations for the decisions that it made. Accountability: where the organization should be aware of what decision is taken by whom. If it is impossible to find out who was responsible for what action then that organization is basically incapable of ethical analysis. Liability: this basically extends the concept of responsibility to legal actions where the affected individuals should be able to get compensation for their damages. Analysis : In my opinion, both ChoicePoint and Sony showed half-hearted ethics on these incidents as a whole. While Choicepoint did inform officials about the breach as soon as it found out, yet it only felt necessary to inform the public because of the California law. The people in the other states were notified because of public outcry. Also limiting the search results for leaked records to only 15 months prior to the date of the search just because it was necessary by the law was another mistake on ChoicePoint’s part. Thus ChoicePoint violated the ethical concepts of responsibility and accountability yet they seemed to have understood their mistake when they were making changes in their policies and practices after the 2004-2005 breach, and were willing to take corrective actions. But it is debatable whether ChoicePoint’s corrective measures were taken to save its own business or whether it genuinely cared for the affected individuals. Similarly, though Sony did do necessary investigations, it failed to concretely identify which parties had been affected or what kind of information have been stolen. Similar to ChoicePoint, there was a delay in notifying the public regarding the breach. Hence, there is a dearth of responsibility and accountability from Sony’s side as well .The compensations given can similarly be argued to be a ploy for keeping itself in the market. While, ChoicePoint and Sony offered free credit monitoring and free identity theft protection respectively for one year, they disregarded the possibility that the thieves might lie low and take advantage of the stolen information after the passage of a year. Hence these companies showed half-heartedness in being ethically liable as well.

Gold and Diamond Mining of Africa Essay

* Diamond mining in Africa Ever since the Kimberley diamond strike of 1868, South Africa has been a world leader in diamond production. The primary South African sources of diamonds, including seven large diamond mines around the country, are controlled by the De Beers Consolidated Mines Company. In 2003, De Beers’s operations accounted for 94% of the nation’s total diamond output of 11,900,000 carats. Nicky Oppenheimer, the current Chairman of DeBeers. * The life of the miners The search for diamonds is not exactly easy. Many miners and diamond diggers in sub-Saharan Africa travel great distances to find work and submit to gruelingly long hours for low wages – or sometimes no wages – in substandard conditions. Child labor has long been a problem in informal diamond mines, especially during times of war. Children have often been exploited to do excavation work because they are small enough to be lowered into small, narrow pits by ropes to dig out sacks of dirt, which is in turn washed by other children in search of diamonds. During Sierra Leone’s 10-year civil war, children were often used as soldiers and workers in the rich Koidu diamond mines that funded the country’s rebels. USAID launched the Kono Peace Diamond Alliance in 2002 to try to improve the working conditions in the mines – particularly for children. But it is an uphill battle across Africa to get children who are either family breadwinners, or fending for themselves or conscripted into slave-like labor to stop working and go to school. A child solider in Africa Land is often cleared and vegetated areas dug up to create open pit mines in he rushed search for diamond deposits, leaving them unsuitable for other farming activities. Informal mining in hilly areas also leads to erosion – and, in turn, flooding. The salt, heavy minerals and chemical products from mining equipment can run off into rivers and pollute vital water sources for mining communities and people living downstream. * gold mining in Africa South Africa accounted for 15% of the world’s gold production in 2002 and 12% in 2005, though the nation had produced as much as 30% of world output as recently as 1993. Despite declining production, South Africa’s gold exports were valued at $3. billion USD in 2005. Almost 50% of the world’s gold reserves are found in South Africa. Barrick Gold Corporation is the largest pure gold miningcompany in the world, with its headquarters in Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and four regional business units (RBU’s) located in Australia, Africa, North America and South America. Barrick is currently undertaking mining and exploration projects in Saudi Arabia, Papua New Guinea, the United States, Canada, Dominican Republic, Australia, Peru, Chile, Russia, South Africa,Pakistan, Colombia, Argentina and Tanzania. For 2008, it produced 7. million ounces of gold at a cash cost of US $443/ounce. As of December 31, 2008 its proven and probable gold mineral reserves stand at 138. 5 million ounces. Peter monk, the wizard of gold mining * The life of gold miners The unknown factor in South Africa is the future of labor costs. The mines employ several hundred thousand miners underground: half the production costs are for wages. Most of the gold miners are members of the black National Union of Mineworkers, which is pressing hard both for political and social reform, and for better wages and working conditions for its members. But the long-delayed beginnings of political reform in South Africa in the late 1980s coincided with a slump in gold prices. The South African gold mines, many of them a century old, were by then the world’s deepest, and were technically very difficult and financially very expensive to operate even in spite of the low wages paid to the miners. The quality of the ore was slowly dropping: the average gold ore now averages less than 5 grams of gold per tonne. Winnie Mandela is on record as saying to black miners, â€Å"You hold the golden key to our liberation. The moment you stop digging gold and diamonds, that is the moment you will be free. † She could not be more wrong. If the gold mines close, the economic disaster will be visited most on the poorer section of society, the blacks. The South African reforms were predicated absolutely on a stable and healthy economy. In 1999, the price of gold dropped to a low point around $250/oz. This was very bad news for South African gold companies, South African gold miners, and the South African government. Gold companies scrambled to reorganize and streamline their operations. By the time the price again reached $290 again in early 2000, the gold industry had changed dramatically, in South Africa and globally. Health problems of gold miners who worked underground include decreased life expectancy; increased frequency of cancer of the trachea, bronchus, lung, stomach, and liver; increased frequency of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB), silicosis, and pleural diseases; increased frequency of insect-borne diseases, such as malaria and dengue fever; noise-induced hearing loss; increased prevalence of certain bacterial and viral diseases; and diseases of the blood, skin, and musculoskeletal system. These problems are briefly documented in gold miners from Australia, North America, South America, and Africa. In general, HIV infection or excessive alcohol and tobacco consumption tended to exacerbate existing health problems. Miners who used elemental mercury to amalgamate and extract gold were heavily contaminated with mercury. Among individuals exposed occupationally, concentrations of mercury in their air, fish diet, hair, urine, blood, and other tissues significantly exceeded all criteria proposed by various national and international regulatory agencies for protection of human health.

The purpose of the annual review is to reflect

The purpose of the annual review is to reflect on the past year’s endeavors, as well as to discuss and set attainable, mutually beneficial goals for the future. It should be viewed as a vehicle to share ideas and insights based on your work in the firm this past year. In your review please address the following: 1. Project Contributions: Design, Management, Client Relations, Technical, Teamwork and Profitability. I had been requested to work on a project in New Jersey, which required the renovation of the Korea Telecom office building.However, we could not accept their request due to our firm’s workload at that time. I have been making efforts at being a reliable team member by contributing my skills and knowledge in Auto CAD and other 3d program techniques to the current project and developing rapport among the team members. 2. Firm-wide Contributions: Leadership within firm, promoting firm to others, and business development. I have promoted the firm to potential inte rnational project partners and clients by giving out the firm’s brochures and my business cards to well-known and distinguished architectural firms in Korea.3. Growth: State how these contributions demonstrate growth from previous years’ performance. Even though I’ve had architecture practical experience for over 6 years in Korea, I started all over again in this firm in New York after finishing Graduate School last May 2006. 4. Improvements: How might improvements have been made – either in your performance or by the firm? When I first started working for the firm, I was confused with architectural unit and architectural drawings in terms of architectural drawing standard differentiations, which are different from the methods I was used to back in Korea.However, I got rid of those difficulties by understanding practical knowledge and learning U. S. standard architectural drawing. Now, I’m working on a construction document for the Chapin school pr oject team. 5. Goals: State your goals for next year. I definitely would like to become a more reliable and dynamic member of the architecture staff for this firm by improving my skills in practical drawing and creative drawing. I also hope to contribute to the success of this firm in becoming an internationally well-known design firm through my efforts in procuring international projects and/or partnership.

Anja Balanskat, Stella Kefala and Roger Blamire Research Paper

Anja Balanskat, Stella Kefala and Roger Blamire - Research Paper Example In primary schools in Europe, the authors note that use of ICT improves achievement in English as a home language in addition to encouraging better performance in science and design in children aged from seven to sixteen years. Schools with well developed ICT programs and related resources demonstrate better achievement in all subjects compared to those with poor levels of the technology. However, better performance while using ICT in schools is realized if education policy makers establish favorable environment for effective application of the technology in educational institutions (Anja, Stella and Roger, 14). Use of ICT in learning institutions has remarkable impacts on teachers and teaching process. According to Anja, Stella and Roger(17) the technology increases enthusiasm among the instructors leading to heightened positive attitude towards their careers. Ina addition, ICT enhances their efficiency especially in preparation of teaching plans. Effective use of information manage ment systems while teaching encourage collaborative learning among teachers leading to better teaching experience. However, various barriers impede realization of projected gains of adopting information technology. These include poor ICT competence in the teaching fraternity, which lowers their confidence in the class while applying the technology. In addition, poor organization, inadequate maintenance of ICT hardware and limited access to appropriate ICT infrastructure prevents learners from gaining maximum benefits from ICT technology (Anja, Stella and Roger, 17-28). 2. Ellen, Wartellla and Nancy Jennings. â€Å"Children and Computers: New Technology, Old Concerns.† The Future of Children, 10.2(2000): 31-40. The authors examine the concerns of increased exposure of children to computer applications and related technology. According to, Ellen and Nancy (32), wired computer provides the modern society with new mass media including computer games, CD ROMs and the web. In Unite d States, about 60% of homes with young children aged from eight to seventeen years own computers that are connected to the internet with intention of learning (Ellen and Nancy, 33). However, Ellen and Nancy notes that the society needs to balance the educational benefits of using computers with the potential harms. The authors compare the recent controversy of using computer technology with the controversies that characterized application of earlier technologies such radio, television films and movies. Introduction of films in American society in the early 1900 was met with considerable support from parents who considered them as important sources of entertainment and education to their children. Later, the same society that supported watching of films especially among young children began opposing them on the grounds that they promoted immorality, violence and delinquency in children and teenagers. These concerns raised the issue of censorship and restricting access of various fil m and movie content to the children (Ellen and Nancy, 35). Unlike film industry that was regulated later after the society raised concerns about its effects on children, radio was regulated by the federal government immediately after it was introduced. Similarly, introduction of

Managerial Control Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Managerial Control - Essay Example The performance of every division is evaluated through its Return on Investment (ROI) (Jensen, and Meckling, 1976, 306) and this is the same with ACS as well. Millwall Company has been awarded the contract for a specific project. The project requires the component which is manufactured by Reading company. The Reading Company is operating less than full capacity. Millwall has requested to buy the component for his project from Reading. As there is no transfer pricing policy of ACS therefore Reading offered Millwall the component at regular price less selling and distribution expense. But this offer was not accepted by Millwall and it has proposed to pay Reading the price which was less than cost of the component. The corporate management of ACS has tried to negotiate between the two companies and offered Reading $10.12 for component. The figure was evaluated by the combination of standard full manufacturing cost plus 15 percent markup. However this suggestion was not accepted by both companies. Reading regularly sells the component at $13 to outsiders. However Millwall estimated the cost figure of the component at $7.60. Reading offered to supply that component to Miilwall at $11.20 which was extracted from regular price i.e. $13 less variable and distribution expenses i.e. $1.20. The figure shows that reading would have profit of $1.80 if it supplies the component to Millwall at $11.20. The acceptance of the Reading’s proposed price by Millwall might have positive effect on the attitude of Reading’s management toward intra-company business. Firstly, Reading’s proposed price would be accepted by one of the intra-company of Anderson Customized Security (ACS) as it is always better to sell goods to intracompany. Secondly, Reading can also have a profit of $1.80. Though this would be less profit as Reading could have earned more by selling the component to outsiders but the company has to play its part in supporting the other companies of the same

The Tiebout Model Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Tiebout Model - Essay Example The main finding included the fact that inter-jurisdictional competition is a vital element of the mechanism. The key players in Tiebout’s model are individual citizens and governments. business firms are not an explicit part of the model (Brueckner 2004, p 138). It was meant to be applied to local governments and to a lesser degree, to state governments. The model assumes citizens have full knowledge of government revenue and expenditure packages, that there are a large number of communities among which individuals can choose to live, and that people will opt for the community that best satisfies their preferences. Moreover, the model assumes that government services exhibit no spillover effects (Billings 2008, p 45). Tiebout’s model made three additional assumptions; one, that jobs impose no locational constraint on individuals; two, that a community’s optimal size, meaning the size for which the average cost of producing a particular packages of public service s is minimized, can be determined; and three, that each community seeks to attain its optimal size (Feiock 2004, p. 76). The model envisions citizens sorting themselves out among available communities so that demands for government services within any particular community would become homogenous. In theory, Tiebout concluded that to the extent these rather restrictive assumptions are met, good and services provided by the local public sector will exhibit both allocative efficiency (the right amounts of the various good and services are produced ) and productive efficiency (they are produced at least cost) (Rivkin 2001, p. 206). In Tiebout’s model, community taxes would be benefit taxes, or proportional to the benefits citizens receive form public services, rather than taxes based on the ability to pay. Tiebout’s model implies that any redistribution of income is taken care of by the federal government (Rivkin 2001, p. 207). Despite all the pros of the Tiebout model, va rious changes in the finance systems of local governments over the last three decades, such as fiscal centralization, work against the establishment of Tiebout effects. This uniformity is undesirable and future reforms should target to encourage a greater diversity of service provision. Competition among local governments, cities and municipalities, as depicted in Tiebout’s model, most at times serve to improve efficiency and delivery of service and goods to the citizens. Based on Tiebout’s model, where there is competition, citizens will come together to take care of all types of demands for public goods and service (Widmer & Zweifel 2008, p. 5). Moreover, individuals will relocate to communities that best meets their demand for public goods and services and the productivity is improved and more efficient since shady and/ ineffective providers of public services and goods will not get any clients. Tiebout model has all the benefits of a competitive market (Feiock 2004 , p. 97). According to Tiebout, it is clear that decentralization of provision of public goods and services results in a positive influence on performance. The rationale is that citizens will procure from the providers who give them the best quotient between public service and tax paid. In a study on fiscal equalization, where disparities among local

Most-Favoured-Nation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Most-Favoured-Nation - Essay Example MFN is regarded as an important standard code of international commercial transaction. It has been said that MFN clause is one of the commonly adopted principle in the international investment2 domain. The definition of Most favoured-Nation is3 well explained in Article 5 of International law commission Draft Articles4, Treatment accorded by the granting State to the beneficiary State, or to person or things in a determined relationship with that State, not less favoured than treatment extended by the granting State to a third State or to person things in the same relationship with that third state. The scope of Most Favoured nation is a two way sword creating controversies related to whether the international investment treaties covers jurisdictional or procedural matters. The inclusion of MFN clauses became a general practice in the numerous bilateral, regional and multilateral investment-related agreements till 1950. The aim of MFN clause is to reiterate the importance of equality of treatment irrespective of the nationality of the investors5 and eliminate the discriminative forces.MFN clause had a variant approach towards different treaties leading to more problems in identifying the scope and extend protections based on different treaties and their conditional clauses. Thi... There are 2 differing hypothesis raised by experts on the scope of MFN clause such as MFN clause could be extended to cover jurisdictional matter. The scope of application of the MFN clause concerned does not cover procedural or jurisdictional matter.The above hypothesis involves 2 conditional clauses to facilitate the jurisdiction concept. First clause is that the starting point of interpretation process should be a MFN clause. Second clause assumes that the MFN clause allows the incorporation of the provisions of the dispute settlement mechanism included in third-party BITs8. Overview of Recent Arbitration Cases Among the numerous cases brought to ICSID9 in recent years, two cases, Maffezini v. Kingdom of Spain10 and Tecnicas MedioAmbientales Tecmed S.A. v. the United Mexican States stand out as raising issues concerning the MFN clause. In Argentina and Spain treaty(hereinafter BIT) ,the claimant can avoid stipulations in the absence of the a friendly settlement and negotiation within six months period, the host state has eighteen months trial period to work on the dispute as the disputes are first filed at the local courts of the host state. Host state should make an attempt to resolve the dispute before the claimant approaches tribunal arbitration as the next step. The invoking of MFN clause by the claimant refers the Article IV (2) of the Argentina-Spain BIT that. In all matters subject to this, treatment shall be no less favourable than that extended By each Party to the investments made in its territory by investors of a third country11. The above article guarantees a fair and equitable treatment for the claimant and there can be a replacement